Self-administered and yoked nicotine produce robust increases in blood pressure and changes in heart rate with modest effects of behavioral contingency in rats.
Donny EC, Caggiula AR, Sweitzer M, Chaudhri N, Gharib M, Sved AF. Self-administered and yoked nicotine produce robust increases in blood pressure and changes in heart rate with modest effects of behavioral contingency in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Sep; 99(3):459-67.