Designing tissue-engineered scaffolding system (bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, tendon, blood vessel, heart, & kidney); 3D integrated tissue-organ printing (ITOP) system for bioengineering complex, composite tissues, and solid organs; bioink development and printability; bio-adhesion ad bio-integration between biomaterials and cell/tissue; drug/protein delivery system; bioconjugation and polymer synthesis; establishment of clinically applicable cell sources; bioreactor system for preconditioning; in vitro microphysiological system; in vivo non-invasive monitoring system.